Enhanced I/M Program Evaluation Report - June 2004 - June 2006
Download the complete report, including appendices. (pdf, 8.51mb)Executive Summary
Biennial long-term program evaluations are required for enhanced I/M programs under 40 CFR Part 51.353(c)(1) of the federal Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) rule. Program evaluation provides a mechanism for I/M jurisdictions to evaluate the effectiveness of their programs and, when necessary, to make enhancements or changes to improve operating programs. DEC submitted three previous biennial program evaluations to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-Region 2 on January 23, 2001, November 13, 2002, and December 4, 2004. This document retains a similar reporting format as these past submissions.
New York State has implemented 2 enhanced I/M programs: New York Transient Emissions Short Test (NYTEST) and New York Vehicle Inspection Program (NYVIP). These programs are effective in reducing the contribution of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions from motor vehicles. This report reveals a record of accomplishments, as well the overall progression of the enhanced I/M programs. The following attributes have led to the effectiveness of these programs:
1. New York implemented statewide (62 counties) motor vehicle emission inspections during the reporting period. The 53-county "Upstate I/M Area" complies with the Ozone Transport Region (OTR) low enhanced I/M performance standard, while the 9-county New York Metropolitan Area (NYMA) complies with the high enhanced performance standard;
2. New York State requires motorists to perform mandatory I/M inspections on an annual basis and upon change of ownership;
3. Since May 2005, mandatory on-board diagnostic (OBD II) inspections have been required in all 62 New York State counties. New York's on-board diagnostic testing was developed in accordance with EPA's final OBD implementation guidance and 40 CFR Parts 51 and 86. New York outlined the components of the OBD II-based NYVIP program in its March 2006 State Implementation Plan revision;
4. EPA approved the NYTEST transient test relative to the model transient I/M test, the "IM240." NYTEST received 95% of the available credit for hydrocarbon emissions, 99% of the available credit for carbon monoxide emissions, and 99% of the available credit for nitrogen oxide emissions;
5. The NYTEST I/M program has operated at "final" cutpoints since April 1, 2003;
6. New York State developed a comprehensive diagnostic and repair procedure to be utilized in conjunction with the NYTEST transient test to insure that failed vehicles receive effective, long term repairs;
7. I/M program data substantiates that vehicles failing the I/M inspection are receiving repairs that last more than two years;
8. Through the combination of sticker-based and registration-based denial enforcement, New York is achieving a I/M motorist compliance rate exceeding 96% in the New York Metropolitan Area; and
9. Administrative and equipment audits ensure that New York's I/M programs maximize emission reductions.
During the reporting period, the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC) implemented an approved OBD II inspection program. Applicable medallion taxi cabs now receive inspections three times a year at the TLC operated centralized test-only facility located in Queens, NY.
Background
The Departments of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and Motor Vehicles (DMV) jointly administer the State's two enhanced motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs: NYTEST and NYVIP. Two programs are required due to differing non-attainment area requirements and federal implementation schedules. For example, OBD II inspections were envisioned, but not required, in the initial federal I/M regulations (1992) when the NYTEST tailpipe testing program was designed and implemented.
The NYTEST I/M program, is limited to the 9-county NYMA (5 counties of New York City, Nassau, Suffolk, Rockland, and Westchester Counties), and has been operational since May 1998. The NYVIP OBD II-based program was integrated into a statewide program during the period of September 2004 - May 2005.
Presently, licensed inspection stations operating within NYMA (numbering about 3,800) are required to operate both NYVIP and NYTEST equipment, while the licensed "Upstate" stations (numbering about 6,200) are required to operate only the NYVIP equipment. An overview of each I/M program is included in Table 1 below.
| Component | NYTEST | NYVIP |
|---|---|---|
|
Network Type |
Decentralized Test-and-Repair |
Decentralized Test-and-Repair |
|
Geographic Distribution |
9-County NYMA |
Statewide (62 Counties) |
| Start Date | May 1998 |
53 Upstate Counties - December 2004 |
| Test Frequency |
Annual/Change of Ownership |
Annual/Change of Ownership |
| Fuel Type |
All non-diesel and non-electric fuels |
All non-diesel and non-electric fuels |
| Vehicle Type Coverage |
Light Duty Vehicles; All Weight Trucks |
Light Duty Vehicles & Trucks, Up to 8,500 lbs |
|
Model Year Coverage for Emissions Testing |
a. 25 MYs old to MY 1995 (if <8,500 lbs) |
Upstate |
|
Evaporative Emissions |
Vehicles subject to a NYTEST receive a gas cap pressure test. |
OBD II |
|
Emissions Test Type |
NYTEST (transient, idle) |
OBD II |
New York Transient Emission Short Test (NYTEST)
Comparison of Registered Vehicles and Vehicles Emission Tested - Appendix A contains the statewide vehicle population numbers derived from the DMV registration database. Charts 1 and 2 below contain the "by model year" comparison of registration numbers versus the I/M inspected vehicles for calender years 2004 and 2005 in NYMA, respectively. The charts show that the registration numbers (by unique VIN) and emission test numbers (for unique VINs) are in close agreement.
CHART 1 : NYMA (2004) Registration and Inspection Comparison
CHART 2 : NYMA (2005) Registration and Inspection Comparison
NYMA Sticker Compliance - DMV conducts quarterly sticker compliance surveys statewide. Appendix B contains the results of these surveys including NYMA. The registration versus test data and DMV's sticker compliance surveys show that the compliance rate for the program is over 96%.
NYTEST Quality Assurance/Quality Control Checks:
NYTEST Analyzer Drift - New York State requires a seven day calibration period on its NYTEST analyzers. The seven day calibration routine was included within the initial NYTEST specification (1998), but was evaluated during a DEC analyzer drift study completed in 2002. Daily audits were completed on six analyzers over a six month period with measured drift recorded. On those days where a calibration was due, an audit was conducted prior to the calibration. The audit data gathered from this study showed that drift was not significant over a seven day period.
NYTEST Equipment Audit Results - The DEC commenced limited equipment audits at NYTEST stations on March 21, 2001. This preliminary audit consisted of several analyzer sampling system checks (including the "S-tube," flex probe tip, filters, and sampling hose); an examination of on-board calibration gases (to insure they were BAR97 certified and within the labeled expiration dates); a gas cap pressure tester functionality check; and a check for the current approved version of software. The main purpose of these limited audits was to insure the overall reliability of sampling systems.
DEC subsequently required a NYTEST software update to allow for a more comprehensive equipment audit. This update mandated changes to include a gas injection audit and the transmission of calibration and audit data through the NYTEST equipment. DEC audit staff commenced the "full" equipment audits on August 1, 2001. The upgraded audit consists of:
1. a leak check;
2. a check of the sample system flow;
3. a gas analyzer audit with the ability to inject both audit gases and the on-board gases through the sampling system or though the calibration port;
4. a VMAS flow rate audit using a smooth approach orifice;
5. on-board calibration gas check (to insure they are BAR97 certified and not expired); and
6. a gas cap tester functional check.
Upon completion of each equipment audit, the DEC auditor provides the station manager with a copy of the equipment audit form. This form lists the audit results and any supporting information. When the NYTEST equipment fails an equipment audit, the station manager is given a written notice. This notice states that the inspection station can no longer perform inspections until all necessary repairs are completed. Written documentation of such repairs must be submitted to DEC. If the inspection station fails to make the appropriate repairs within two (2) business days, DEC requests DMV to place an administrative stop on the inspection station. This prevents the station from conducting further inspections.
DEC equipment audit results for 2004-2006 are presented below in the Table 2. Equipment audit criteria and additional data can be found in Appendix C.
|
Category |
2004 |
2005 |
Partial 2006 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Full Audits (Jan - Dec) |
Full Audits (Jan - Dec) |
Full Audits (Jan - Jun) |
||||
|
Count |
% |
Count |
% |
Count |
% |
|
|
Total Inspection Stations |
4,023 |
|
3,918 |
|
3,621 |
|
|
Total # of Audits |
445 |
|
531 |
|
475 |
|
|
# of Stations Passed the Audit |
190 |
42.70 |
258 |
48.59 |
164 |
34.53 |
|
# of Stations Failed the Audit |
255 |
57.30 |
273 |
51.41 |
311 |
65.47 |
|
Reason for Audit failure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a. Failed Gas Audit |
63 |
14.16 |
48 |
9.04 |
55 |
11.58 |
|
b. Failed Vmas Flow Check |
47 |
10.56 |
37 |
6.97 |
23 |
4.84 |
|
c. Failed Gas Cap Tester |
13 |
2.92 |
27 |
5.08 |
83 |
17.47 |
|
d. Failed On-Board Gas |
37 |
8.31 |
57 |
10.73 |
126 |
26.53 |
|
e. Failed System Flow Check |
67 |
15.06 |
36 |
6.78 |
11 |
2.32 |
|
f. Failed Leak Check |
162 |
36.40 |
188 |
35.40 |
200 |
42.11 |
As a result of the subject NYTEST software update, DEC is capable of completing a desk audit of a station's weekly calibration without a station visit.
Repair Effectiveness
NYTEST Diagnostic and Repair Procedure - An important component of any I/M program is the ability to complete effective repairs on vehicles which fail the emissions test. In 1996, New York obtained funding under the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Control (CMAQ) program to conduct a repair effectiveness study for the NYTEST program. The main objective was to develop a comprehensive diagnostic and repair procedure for vehicles that fail the official I/M inspection.
The study design required that vehicles failing an IM240 test be repaired by technicians using two diagnostic and repair procedures. The results from these procedures were evaluated, and from them a single NYTEST diagnostic and repair procedure was finalized. The final procedure was printed on a laminated 2-sheet handout, and mailed to all NYTEST inspection stations. A copy of this procedure can be found in Appendix D. Additional information related to the CMAQ repair effectiveness study can be found in past program evaluation reports.
NYTEST Emission Inspection Data
EPA Mobile Model Credit Determination - Appendix E contains the letter from the United States Environmental Protection Agency providing New York State with the following credit for the NYTEST emissions test:
95 percent of IM240 credit for hydrocarbon emissions
99 percent of IM240 credit for carbon monoxide emissions
99 percent of IM240 credit for nitrogen oxide emissions
Software Updates Based Upon Data Analysis - Program issues can be identified through station/inspector complaints, DEC/DMV audit findings, or through data analysis of emission test results. To correct issues or to enhance program components, DEC/DMV periodically requires the NYTEST equipment providers to upgrade the inspection software. Software modifications were outlined to the NYTEST equipment providers in November 1999. With the implementation of this software update, New York was able to conduct and record full equipment audits, capture and transmit detailed calibration records, and incorporate measures to prevent improper testing by placing limits on the functioning of the analyzer and Vmas unit.
An optional NYTEST OBD II software upgrade was offered by 2 of the NYTEST equipment providers (ESP, SPX) prior to the NYMA roll-out of NYVIP. While NYTEST stations were not required to participate in this program, the OBD II pass/fail results of upgraded equipment were official. Approximately 570 NYTEST stations purchased the OBD II upgrade. The optional NYTEST OBD II was effective from July 2004 to May 2005.
Cutpoint Analysis and Implementation - Over time, DEC increased the stringency of the NYTEST cutpoints (transient and idle) as technicians became familiar with repair procedures. Final NYTEST cutpoints were implemented on April 1, 2003.
Effectiveness of NYTEST Repairs - To evaluate the duration of repairs, DEC queried the 2003 NYTEST database for vehicles meeting each of the following conditions:
1. Vehicles that fail their initial NYTEST inspection;
2. Vehicles repaired and having repair costs entered within the inspection record; and
3. Vehicles that were re-tested, and subsequently found to pass the NYTEST inspection.
This query yielded 105,458 vehicles. The VINs of these vehicles were then matched to the following year's database (2004) which resulted in 66,053 matches (i.e., inspection record for 66,053 of the initial 105,458 vehicles were found again). Similarly, the 2005 database was queried to find the vehicles that failed in 2003 that were still tested in 2005. The results are presented in the Table 4. As can be seen by the data presented, the majority of repairs are still effective after two years.
| Year | # of Vehicles | Passed HC | Passed CO | Passed NOx |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 105,458 | 105,458 (100%) | 105,458 (100%) | 105,458 (100%) |
| 2004 | 66,053 | 57,917 (88%) | 61,780 (94%) | 55,692 (84%) |
| 2005 | 37,728 | 33,493 (89%) | 35,702 (95%) | 32,773 (87%) |
NYTEST Emission Reductions
Emissions from First Test - DEC queried databases from multiple years to calculate the average emissions from vehicles' first NYTEST dynamometer test. As noted in Table 5 below, the average emissions for all pollutants saw significant reductions over time.
| Year | # of Tests | Average HC | Average CO | Average NOx |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | 1,931,064 | .544 gm/mi | 8.56 gm/mi | 1.76 gm/mi |
| 2000 | 2,969,943 | .388 gm/mi | 8.13 gm/mi | 1.34 gm/mi |
| 2001 | 3,153,284 | .340 gm/mi | 7.21 gm/mi | 1.20 gm/mi |
| 2002 | 3,274,376 | .350 gm/mi | 6.57 gm/mi | 1.11 gm/mi |
| 2003 | 3,291,294 | .340 gm/mi | 4.40 gm/mi | 0.80 gm/mi |
| 2004 | 3,015,292 | .290 gm/mi | 3.53 gm/mi | 0.68 gm/mi |
Note that mandatory OBDII testing through the NYVIP equipment began in NYMA in May 2005. Since OBD II testing does not report tailpipe emission values, this comparison was discontinued for calender year 2005. Currently, NYTEST dynamometer testing applies to model year 1995 and older vehicles.
New York Vehicle Inspection Program (NYVIP)
NYVIP OBD II Implementation - During the 2005-2006 reporting period, New York completed the statewide implementation of its NYVIP on-board diagnostic testing (OBD II) program. In part, New York based its OBD II technical specifications on final federal guidance, "Performing Onboard Diagnostic System Checks as Part of a Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program" (EPA420-R-01-015, June 2001). The NYVIP inspection software establishes five possible OBD failure criteria (or combinations thereof):
1. The vehicle's Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL) does not illuminate when the ignition is in the key on/engine off (KO/EO) position;
2. The vehicle's MIL remains illuminated when the ignition is in the key on/engine running (KO/ER) position;
3. Inability to communicate with vehicle;
4. The vehicle has commanded the MIL On and diagnostic trouble code(s) are stored in memory; and
5. The vehicle fails the monitor readiness evaluation.
Upstate Sticker Compliance - DMV conducts quarterly sticker compliance surveys statewide. Appendix B contains the results of these surveys including the 53-county Upstate Area.. The registration versus test data and independent sticker compliance surveys show that the compliance rate for the program is greater than 96%. Chart 3 below contains the "by model year" comparison of registration numbers versus the I/M inspected vehicles for calender year 2005 in the 53 "Upstate" counties. The chart shows that the registration numbers (by unique VIN) and emission test numbers (for unique VINs) are in very close agreement. Since New York's motorists are subject to a biennial registration renewal, the Upstate I/M area was not subject to registration-based enforcement (RBE) during the reporting period. New York commenced the phase-in of registration-based enforcement in the Upstate Area in December 2006.
CHART 3 : "UPSTATE" (2005) Registration and Inspection Comparison
NYVIP "Date Trigger"Audits - DEC and DMV defined the contents (i.e., data fields) and reporting rules of the official electronic inspection record, the INSPREC.DAT file. This record is transmitted electronically to DEC and DMV through the NYVIP data manager. These records are the basis of New York's annual and biennial reports to EPA. These records are also utilized by DMV to insure motorist compliance with the annual inspection requirement via registration denial.
When developing the NYVIP program, DEC and DMV reserved a portion of the INSPREC.DAT to capture both vehicle specific and inspection specific information for auditing purposes. To accomplish this, DEC and DMV have developed a series of queries to augment program evaluation, and in certain cases, to assist in fraud prevention and detection. The summaries of these queries, which include the user inputs and required outputs, are included in Appendix F. In practice, these queries are revised or subjected to additional screening criteria for most applications. These queries were in part supported by an independent policy report completed by dKC-de la Torre Klausmeier Consulting, Inc. under contract to SGS TESTCOM in 2005.
During the reporting period, the station query has been used to track NYVIP overall failure rates and waiver rates. As examples, NYVIP statewide trends related to the overall OBD II failure rate and waiver rate are presented in Charts 4 and 5, respectively. Chart 4 indicates that the NYVIP initial OBD II failure rate has stabilized following the initial "Upstate" and NYMA roll-outs. Motorists, inspectors, and repair technicians have become accustomed to NYVIP inspection requirements. Similarly, Chart 5 indicates a similar trend with peaks in the NYVIP waiver rate occurring during the roll-out periods. Those stations demonstrating high failure and waiver rates received focused DMV auditing efforts.
CHART 4 : NYVIP Initial OBD II Failure Rate (Statewide)
CHART 5 : NYVIP OBD II Waiver Rate (Statewide)
The INSPREC.DAT file contains vehicle-specific parameters that may include the electronic vehicle identification number (e-VIN), power train control module values (PCM IDs), parameter identification (PID) counts, and the OBD communication protocol. The electronic information available varies according to vehicle model year and OEM vehicle design. Vehicle information is retrieved and recorded during each OBD II inspection, and can subsequently be used by DEC/DMV to identify potentially fraudulent practices without the need of a station visit. The use of so called "clean scan" queries have proven highly effective in targeting NYVIP stations and has been used in DMV enforcement hearings.
NYVIP "Readiness Failure Rate" Analysis - The NYVIP OBD sequence incorporates federal recommendations related to the OBD II monitor readiness status during I/M inspections. This criteria was formalized by the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA)-OBD Technical Work Group with participation from state and federal I/M administrators, scan tool manufacturers, repair technicians, and all major vehicle manufacturers. The overall criteria is:
< OBD II vehicles from model years 1996 to MY 2000, inclusive, are permitted to have up to 2 monitors reported as "Not Ready" (3 would be a failure).
< OBD II vehicles from MY 2001 and newer are permitted to have 1 monitor reported as "Not Ready" (2 would be a failure).
The three "continuous monitors," Comprehensive Components, Misfire, and Fuel Control, are not considered in this evaluation.
At the request of the Greater New York Automotive Dealers Association (GNYADA), DEC with assistance from DMV completed an evaluation of NYVIP inspection data for the period of September 2004 to March 2005. This time period represents roughly the first 6 months of official NYVIP testing. The evaluation was developed to determine the appropriateness of the NYVIP readiness criteria, and also to identify if any particular make/model vehicles indicated a higher than normal readiness failure rate ("problem vehicles.")
DEC initially contacted I/M administrators from other operating OBD programs including both centralized test-only and decentralized test-and-repair networks. DEC determined that the NYVIP readiness failure rate (for initial inspections) was slightly higher than the other I/M jurisdictions contacted. The elevated NYVIP initial readiness failure rate was attributed to:
1. Start-up issues - Motorists and inspectors did not understand how OBD II and the new NYVIP requirements work;
2. Upon evaluation of inspection histories, there were unsuccessful attempts to avoid an initial MIL On OBD II failure by either disconnecting the battery or clearing codes with a scan tool;
3. Dealers experienced a much higher initial OBD readiness failure. DEC estimated that dealers completed about 14% of the initial OBD inspections, but these same inspections contributed to about 30% of the overall initial readiness failure rate;
4. Repair technicians did not adapt to the new OBD inspection requirements. A common practice was to "clear codes" after every attempted repair without adequately driving the vehicle to pass the readiness evaluation;
5. Multiple re-inspections are sometimes required to pass an OBD re-inspection for readiness criteria due to:
< Repair technicians not reviewing available technical information, such as recalls, extended warranties, or technical service bulletins;
< Repair technicians and motorists were not completing available drive cycles; and
< Most OEM-derived drive cycles have associated costs to the station/motorist, and are not always readily available.
A summary of the NYVIP Readiness Report is contained within Appendix G.
EPA's final guidance (Appendix D, revised October 2002) maintains a list of "Manufacturers Known to Have Readiness Issues." This guidance provides I/M jurisdictions with program flexibility to deviate from the standard readiness criteria noted above. New York's readiness evaluation identified additional vehicles not listed in EPA's existing guidance (by Make/Model Name/Model Year) which had significantly higher (than the fleet) initial readiness failure rates. These vehicles, however, had little influence on the overall fleet readiness failure rate due to their low market share. In response to an EPA request, New York and several other states provided inspection data to allow for further evaluation of the Appendix D guidance. DEC also provided comments to EPA regarding Appendix D on January 20, 2006, which is contained in Appendix H.
New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (OBD II)
Since 1977, medallion taxi cabs operating within New York City have been subjected to emissions testing at a frequency of three times per year. Following upgrades to their Woodside (Queens) testing facility, the New York City Taxi Limousine Commissions (TLC) commenced preliminary OBD II inspections for the applicable medallion taxi cabs on December 8, 2003. The TLC is required to report all emission test results directly to DEC, and limited test results to DMV through the NYVIP data manager. In 2005, the applicable TLC fleet consisted of 14,527 vehicles.
DEC and DMV completed acceptance testing of the test equipment and software at the TLC facility from August 2004 to June 2006. The Departments found the TLC inspection program, consisting of OBDII, emission control device (ECD), and safety components, to be equivalent to the New York State requirements. The joint DEC/DMV approval of the TLC inspection, dated October 4, 2006, is contained with Appendix I.
Ford Crown Victorias, model years 2000-2006, represent the majority of the TLC medallion taxicab fleet. In December 2006, DEC completed a statewide analysis of Ford Crown Victorias, including those taxis inspected at the TLC facility and privately-owned vehicles inspected thorough NYVIP. Table 5 lists program statistics for Ford Crown Victoria OBD II inspections completed between 8/1/2005 and 7/31/2006 by three program areas: TLC taxis, NYVIP (NYMA), and NYVIP (Upstate). The NYVIP statistics are based on "initial test" results (i.e., re-inspections were excluded), while the TLC inspections are based on the 3 times/year requirement (where each "test" is treated as an initial test).
Due to differing program requirements, there is a significantly different model year distribution between the NYVIP and TLC fleets. The TLC is required to inspect all model years (i.e., NYVIP has a 2 model year "new vehicle" exemption) and there are fewer "older" OBD vehicles in the TLC fleet. As expected, for the same model years, the TLC Ford Crown Victoria taxis experienced higher overall OBD failure rates and higher average annual mileages when compared to privately-owned Crown Victorias.
| Ford Crown Victoria (8/1/2005 - 7/31/2006) | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model Year | Sample Count | Average Odometer | Passed OBD N | Failed OBD | ||||||||||||||
| N | Average Odometer | % Failed | Test Stopped Reasons | Failed Commu | % | KOEO | KOER | |||||||||||
| ="N" | % | ="Y" | % | |||||||||||||||
| NYMA | 1996 | 1301 | 162,926 | 1049 | 252 | 182,896 | 19.37% | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 14 | 1.08% | 9 | 0.69% | 33 | 2.54% |
| (No TLC) | 1997 | 2538 | 164,383 | 2109 | 429 | 178,934 | 16.90% | 11 | 7 | 2 | 24 | 1 | 45 | 1.77% | 32 | 1.26% | 47 | 1.85% |
| 1998 | 2110 | 151,951 | 1873 | 237 | 171,752 | 11.23% | 2 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 14 | 0.66% | 15 | 0.71% | 16 | 0.76% | |
| 1999 | 3304 | 137,853 | 3008 | 296 | 152,266 | 8.96% | 5 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 19 | 0.58% | 16 | 0.48% | 25 | 0.76% | ||
| 2000 | 2969 | 149,047 | 2657 | 312 | 168,886 | 10.51% | 4 | 2 | 13 | 3 | 22 | 0.74% | 15 | 0.51% | 32 | 1.08% | ||
| 2001 | 2108 | 109,850 | 1792 | 316 | 108,528 | 14.99% | 5 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 17 | 0.81% | 7 | 0.33% | 20 | 0.95% | ||
| 2002 | 781 | 82,513 | 663 | 118 | 77,731 | 15.11% | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0.64% | 1 | 0.13% | 12 | 1.54% | |||
| 2003 | 1848 | 59,316 | 1648 | 200 | 64,577 | 10.82% | 6 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 18 | 0.97% | 3 | 0.16% | 10 | 0.54% | |
| 2004 | 522 | 38,756 | 475 | 47 | 45,408 | 9.00% | 1 | 1 | 10 | 12 | 2.30% | 2 | 0.38% | 3 | 0.57% | |||
| 2005 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 17481 | 15274 | 2207 | 12.63% | 39 | 20 | 6 | 91 | 10 | 166 | 0.95% | 100 | 0.57% | 198 | 1.13% | |||
| Upstate | 1996 | 868 | 107,788 | 769 | 99 | 140,539 | 11.41% | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 0.92% | 4 | 0.46% | 17 | 1.96% | ||
| 1997 | 1296 | 108,217 | 1134 | 162 | 149,649 | 12.50% | 5 | 2 | 5 | 12 | 0.93% | 10 | 0.77% | 16 | 1.23% | |||
| 1998 | 781 | 102,760 | 721 | 60 | 150,667 | 7.68% | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.38% | 2 | 0.26% | 6 | 0.77% | |||
| 1999 | 1392 | 92,234 | 1285 | 107 | 132,960 | 7.69% | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 0.57% | 1 | 0.07% | 18 | 1.29% | ||
| 2000 | 1252 | 88,943 | 1142 | 110 | 117,916 | 8.79% | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0.40% | 6 | 0.48% | 6 | 0.48% | |||
| 2001 | 948 | 79,634 | 849 | 99 | 100,348 | 10.44% | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 0.74% | 2 | 0.21% | 5 | 0.53% | |||
| 2002 | 463 | 62,328 | 419 | 44 | 83,762 | 9.50% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.22% | 0.00% | |||||||
| 2003 | 1664 | 61,045 | 1555 | 109 | 73,803 | 6.55% | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 0.42% | 5 | 0.30% | 6 | 0.36% | ||
| 2004 | 889 | 52,312 | 849 | 40 | 56,329 | 4.50% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2 | 0.22% | ||||||||
| 2005 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 9553 | 8723 | 830 | 8.69% | 18 | 4 | 4 | 17 | 7 | 50 | 0.52% | 31 | 0.32% | 76 | 0.80% | |||
| TLC | 1996 | |||||||||||||||||
| 1997 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1998 | 10 | 234,632 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 10.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | ||||||
| 1999 | 3 | 345,047 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | ||||||
| 2000 | 202 | 308,354 | 151 | 43 | 316,421 | 21.29% | 8 | 3.96% | 2 | 0.99% | 12 | 5.94% | ||||||
| 2001 | 2524 | 280,638 | 1728 | 719 | 291,006 | 28.49% | 77 | 3.05% | 24 | 0.95% | 93 | 3.68% | ||||||
| 2002 | 1889 | 241,317 | 1243 | 586 | 253,951 | 31.02% | 60 | 3.18% | 18 | 0.95% | 73 | 3.86% | ||||||
| 2003 | 9612 | 188,173 | 7052 | 2379 | 206,185 | 24.75% | 181 | 1.88% | 80 | 0.83% | 394 | 4.10% | ||||||
| 2004 | 8461 | 131,472 | 6795 | 1577 | 140,864 | 18.64% | 89 | 1.05% | 41 | 0.48% | 245 | 2.90% | ||||||
| 2005 | 9096 | 62,973 | 7824 | 897 | 84,468 | 9.86% | 375 | 4.12% | 24 | 0.26% | 146 | 1.61% | ||||||
| 2006 | 1288 | 52,555 | 1202 | 41 | 96,389 | 3.18% | 45 | 3.49% | 1 | 0.08% | 7 | 0.54% | ||||||
| Total | 33085 | 144,822 | 26007 | 6243 | 186,454 | 18.87% | 835 | 2.52% | 190 | 0.57% | 970 | 2.93% | ||||||